RESUMO
Abstract (Gutierrez et al., 2016) conducted an experiment that provided evidence for the existence of two distinct factors in metacognitive monitoring: general accuracy and general error. They found level-1 domain-specific accuracy and error factors which loaded on second-order domain-general accuracy and error factors, which then loaded on a third-order general monitoring factor. In the present study, that experiment was repeated with 170 different participants from the same population. The present study confirmed the original findings. Both studies suggest that metacognitive monitoring consists of two different types of cognitive processes: one that is associated with accurate monitoring judgments and one that is associated with error in monitoring judgments. In addition, both studies suggest domain-specific accuracy and error factors which load onto second-order domain-general accuracy and error factors. Furthermore, in this study we devised an experiment in which general accuracy and general error are treated as separate latent dimensions and found that subjects employ the same resources they use to develop accurate judgments as a "baseline" for calibrating resources necessary in erroneous judgments, but not vice-versa. This finding supports and extends previous findings which suggests that the processes involved in managing metacognitive accuracy are different from those involved in contending with metacognitive error. Future instructional interventions in metacognitive monitoring will be better focused by concentrating on improving accuracy or reducing error, but not both concurrently.
Resumen (Gutiérrez et al., 2016) realizaron un experimento que proporcionó evidencia de la existencia de dos factores distintos en el monitoreo metacognitivo: precisión general y error general. Encontraron factores de error y precisión específicos de dominio de nivel 1 que se cargaron en factores de error y precisión general de dominio de segundo orden, que luego se cargaron en un factor de monitoreo general de tercer orden. En el presente estudio, ese experimento se repitió con 170 participantes diferentes de la misma población. El presente estudio confirmó los hallazgos originales. Ambos estudios sugieren que el monitoreo metacognitivo consiste en dos tipos diferentes de procesos cognitivos: uno que está asociado con juicios de monitoreo precisos y otro que está asociado con errores en los juicios de monitoreo. Además, ambos estudios sugieren que factores de precisión y error específico de dominio se cargan en factores de error y precisión general de dominio de segundo orden. Además, en este estudio diseñamos un experimento en el que la precisión general y el error general se tratan como dimensiones latentes separadas y descubrimos que los sujetos emplean los mismos recursos que utilizan para desarrollar juicios precisos como una "base" para calibrar los recursos necesarios en juicios erróneos, pero no viceversa. Este hallazgo respalda y amplía hallazgos anteriores que sugieren que los procesos involucrados en el manejo de la precisión metacognitiva son diferentes de los involucrados en la lucha contra el error metacognitivo. Es conveniente enfocar las futuras intervenciones de instrucción en la monitorización metacognitiva en mejorar la precisión o reducir el error, pero no ambas al mismo tiempo.
RESUMO
The influence of age on reproductive performance of an aphidophagous ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta was examined using male and female beetles of varying ages (1-30 days) after a single mating stimulus. All the intermediate (10 to 20 days old) and old (30 days old) age females mated with all intermediate and old age males, while only a fraction (0.29%) of younger females, 1 to 5 days old, mated with males of similar or older age. The willingness to mate was male age dependent. It increased sigmoidally with increase in adult age. Adult males were more willing to mate with females irrespective of age. Mating duration was longest amongst older adults (30 day-old males and 20 day-old females). Male age did not contribute to shaping the fecundity of the female ladybird. Fecundity was female age dependent and it increased with age up to 20 days and thereafter decreased. 20 day-old females were most fecund producing 867 eggs after a single mating. Progeny production was male age dependent and eggs sired by 20-30 day-old males had significantly higher viability than those sired by younger males. Prolonged mating increased fecundity and egg viability. The results reveal that males of intermediate age were better mates. This information may improve our understanding of the effect of aging on reproduction in ladybirds and may help mass-multiplication of the ladybird beetles using adults of optimal age.
